what symbol appears next to a code that appears out of numerical sequence?

Typographic symbol (#)

#

Number sign

In Unicode U+0023 # NUMBER SIGN (HTML#· #)
Different from
Different from U+266F MUSIC Sharp SIGN
U+2317 VIEWDATA Foursquare
U+22D5 EQUAL AND PARALLEL TO
Related
See likewise U+00A3 £ POUND SIGN
U+2116 NUMERO SIGN

The symbol # is known variously in English-speaking regions every bit the number sign,[1] hash,[2] or pound sign.[3] The symbol has historically been used for a broad range of purposes including the designation of an ordinal number and every bit a ligatured abridgement for pounds avoirdupois – having been derived from the at present-rare .[4]

Since 2007, widespread usage of the symbol to introduce metadata tags on social media platforms has led to such tags existence known equally "hashtags",[5] and from that, the symbol itself is sometimes called a hashtag.[6]

The symbol is distinguished from similar symbols by its combination of level horizontal strokes and correct-tilting vertical strokes.

History [edit]

A stylized version of the abbreviation for libra pondo ("pound weight")

The abbreviation written by Isaac Newton, showing the evolution from "℔" toward "#"

Information technology is believed that the symbol traces its origins to the symbol ,[a] an abbreviation of the Roman term libra pondo, which translates as "pound weight".[7] [viii] This abbreviation was printed with a defended ligature type element, with a horizontal line across, then that the lowercase letter 50 would not be mistaken for the numeral 1. Ultimately, the symbol was reduced for clarity as an overlay of two horizontal strokes "=" across ii slash-like strokes "//".[eight] Examples of it being used to indicate pounds exist at to the lowest degree equally far dorsum equally 1850.[9] [b]

The symbol is described as the "number" character in an 1853 treatise on bookkeeping,[x] and its double meaning is described in a bookkeeping text from 1880.[11] The instruction manual of the Blickensderfer model 5 typewriter (c.  1896) appears to refer to the symbol as the "number mark".[12] Some early-20th-century U.South. sources refer to information technology as the "number sign",[13] although this could too refer to the numero sign.[fourteen] A 1917 manual distinguishes betwixt 2 uses of the sign: "number (written before a figure)" and "pounds (written after a figure)".[15] The use of the phrase "pound sign" to refer to this symbol is plant from 1932 in U.S. usage.[16] The term hash sign is establish in South African writings from the late 1960s[17] and from other non-North-American sources in the 1970s.[ citation needed ]

The symbol appears to accept been used primarily in handwritten material; in the printing business, the numero symbol (№) and barred-lb (℔) are used for "number" and "pounds" respectively.[ where? ] [ citation needed ]

For mechanical devices, the symbol appeared on the keyboard of the Remington Standard typewriter (c. 1886)[18] merely was not used on the keyboards used for typesetting.[9] Information technology appeared in many of the early teleprinter codes and from at that place was copied to ASCII, which made it available on computers and thus caused many more uses to be institute for the character. The symbol was introduced on the bottom right button of affect-tone keypads in 1968, but that button was not extensively used until the advent of large scale voicemail (PBX systems, etc.) in the early on 1980s.[nineteen]

I of the uses in computers was to characterization the following text as having a different interpretation (such every bit a command or a comment) from the residual of the text. It was adopted for use within cyberspace relay chat (IRC) networks circa 1988 to characterization groups and topics.[20] This usage inspired[21] Chris Messina to propose a similar arrangement to exist used on Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network;[22] this became known equally a hashtag. Although used initially and virtually popularly on Twitter, hashtag employ has extended to other social media sites.[23]

Names [edit]

Number sign

'Number sign' is the name called by the Unicode consortium. About common in Canada[24] and the northeastern United States.[ commendation needed ] American phone equipment companies which serve Canadian callers often have an option in their programming to announce Canadian English, which in plough instructs the arrangement to say number sign to callers instead of pound.[25]

Pound sign or pound

'Pound sign' or 'pound' are the nigh mutual names used in the Usa, where the '#' key on a phone is commonly referred to as the pound cardinal or but pound. Dialing instructions to an extension such as #77, for case, can be read as "pound 7 vii".[26] This proper noun is rarely used outside the Us, where the term pound sign is understood to mean the currency symbol £.

Hash, hash mark, hashmark

In the United Kingdom,[27] and another countries,[ citation needed ] it is generally chosen a 'hash' (probably from 'hatch',[28] referring to cross-hatching, although the exact derivation is disputed).

Hashtag

The discussion 'hashtag' is often used when reading social media letters aloud, indicating the start of a hashtag. For instance, the text "#foo" is often read out loud every bit "hashtag foo" (equally opposed to "hash foo"). This leads to the mutual belief that the symbol itself is called hashtag.[6] Twitter documentation refers to it as "the hashtag symbol".[29] Programmers rarely do this; for instance #! is "hash, bang".

Hex

'Hex' is unremarkably used in Singapore and Malaysia, as spoken past many recorded phone directory-aid menus: "Please enter your phone number followed by the 'hex' key". The term 'hex' is discouraged in Singapore in favour of 'hash'. In Singapore, a hash is also called 'hex' in apartment addresses, where it precedes the floor number.[30] [31]

Octothorp, octothorpe, octathorp, octatherp

Near scholars believe the word was invented by workers at the Bell Telephone Laboratories by 1968,[32] who needed a give-and-take for the symbol on the telephone keypad. Don MacPherson is said to have created the word by combining octo and the final name of Jim Thorpe, an Olympic medalist.[33] Howard Eby and Lauren Asplund claim to have invented the discussion every bit a joke in 1964, combining octo with the syllable therp which, because of the "th" digraph, was difficult to pronounce in different languages.[34] The Merriam-Webster New Book of Discussion Histories, 1991, has a long article that is consequent with Doug Kerr's essay,[34] which says "octotherp" was the original spelling, and that the word arose in the 1960s amongst phone engineers as a joke. Other hypotheses for the origin of the give-and-take include the last proper name of James Oglethorpe[35] or using the One-time English language word for village, thorp, because the symbol looks similar a village surrounded by eight fields.[36] [37] The word was popularized within and outside Bell Labs.[38] The offset appearance of "octothorp" in a US patent is in a 1973 filing. This patent also refers to the six-pointed asterisk (✻) used on phone buttons as a "sextile".[39]

Abrupt

Use of the name 'sharp' is due to the symbol'due south resemblance to , the glyph used in music notation ( U+266F MUSIC SHARP SIGN). The same derivation is seen in the name of the Microsoft programming languages C#, J# and F#. Microsoft says, "It's not the 'hash' (or pound) symbol as about people believe. Information technology's really supposed to be the musical sharp symbol. Still, because the abrupt symbol is not present on the standard keyboard, information technology'due south easier to blazon the hash symbol (#). The name of the linguistic communication is, of grade, pronounced 'see abrupt'."[40] According to the ECMA-334 C# Linguistic communication Specification, section 6, Acronyms and abbreviations, the name of the language is written "C#" ("LATIN CAPITAL Letter of the alphabet C (U+0043) followed by the NUMBER SIGN # (U+0023)") and pronounced "C Abrupt".[41]

Square

Detail of a telephone keypad displaying the Viewdata square

On telephones, the International Telecommunication Union specification ITU-T E.161 3.2.two states: "The symbol may exist referred to as the square or the nearly commonly used equivalent term in other languages."[42] Formally, this is not a number sign simply rather another graphic symbol, the Viewdata square . The existent or virtual keypads on almost all mod telephones use the simple # instead, as does their documentation.

Other

Names that may be seen include:[43] [ meliorate source needed ] crosshatch, crunch, fence, flash, garden fence, garden gate, gate, grid, hak, mesh, oof, hog-pen, punch marker, rake, scratch, scratch marker, tic-tac-toe, and unequal.

Usage [edit]

When # prefixes a number, it is read as "number". A "#2 pencil", for case, indicates "a number-2 pencil". The abbreviations 'No.' and '№' are used commonly and interchangeably.

When # is after a number, it is read every bit "pound" or "pounds", meaning the unit of weight. The text "5# purse of flour" would mean "five pound handbag of flour". The abbreviations "lb." and "℔" are used unremarkably and interchangeably. Merely it is not a replacement for '£'.

The latter usage is rare outside North America. The sign is non used to announce pounds equally weight (lb or lbs is used for this), and certainly not for pounds currency. The employ of # as an abbreviation for "number" is mutual in informal writing, but utilize in print is rare.[44] Where Americans might write "Symphony #5", British and Irish people usually write "Symphony No. five". British typewriters and keyboards have a £ key where American keyboards take a # key.[45] Many computer and teleprinter codes (such as BS 4730 (the UK national variant of the ISO/IEC 646 character ready) substituted '£' for '#' to make the British versions, thus it was mutual for the same binary code to display as # on United states of america equipment and £ on British equipment. ('$' was not substituted due to obvious bug if an endeavour was made to communicate monetary values.)

Mathematics [edit]

  • In set theory, #S is ane possible annotation for the cardinality or size of the set South, instead of | S | {\displaystyle |South|} . That is, for a prepare S = { s 1 , s ii , s 3 , , south northward } {\displaystyle S=\{s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},\dots ,s_{n}\}} , in which all s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} are mutually singled-out, # S = north = | South | . {\displaystyle \#S=n=|South|.} This notation is only sometimes used for finite sets, usually in number theory, to avoid defoliation with the divisibility symbol, e.thousand. a b {\displaystyle a\mid b} .
  • In topology, A#B is the connected sum of manifolds A and B, or of knots A and B in knot theory.
  • In number theory, north# is the primorial of due north.
  • In constructive mathematics, # denotes an apartness relation.

Computing [edit]

  • In Unicode and ASCII, the symbol has a code point as U+0023 # NUMBER SIGN and # in HTML5.[46]
  • In many scripting languages and data file formats, especially ones that originated on Unix, # introduces a comment that goes to the end of the line.[47] The combination #! at the start of an executable file is a "shebang", "hash-bang" or "pound-bang", used to tell the operating system which program to use to run the script (see magic number). This combination was called then it would be a comment in the scripting languages.
    • #! is the symbol of the CrunchBang Linux distribution.
  • In the Perl programming language, # is used as a modifier to assortment syntax to return the index number of the final chemical element in the array, e.grand., an array'southward last element is at $array[$#array]. The number of elements in the array is $#assortment + 1, since Perl arrays default to using zero-based indices. If the array has not been defined, the render is besides undefined. If the array is divers simply has not had whatsoever elements assigned to it, east.yard., @assortment = (), then $#array returns −1. See the section on Array functions in the Perl language structure article.
  • In both the C and C++ preprocessors, as well equally in other syntactically C-like languages, # is used to start a preprocessor directive. Inside macros, afterward #define, it is used for diverse purposes; for instance, the double pound (hash) sign ## is used for token chain.
  • In Unix shells, # is placed by convention at the end of a control prompt to announce that the user is working as root.
  • # is used in a URL of a spider web page or other resources to introduce a "fragment identifier" – an id which defines a position within that resource. In HTML, this is known as an anchor link. For example, in the URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_sign#In_computing the portion later the # (In_computing) is the fragment identifier, in this case denoting that the brandish should be moved to show the tag marked by <bridge id="In_computing">...</span> in the HTML.[48]
  • Internet Relay Chat: on (IRC) servers, # precedes the proper name of every channel that is available across an entire IRC network.
  • In blogs, # is sometimes used to announce a permalink for that particular weblog entry.
  • In lightweight markup languages, such as wikitext, # is often used to introduce numbered list items.
  • # is used in the Modula-2 and Oberon programming languages designed by Niklaus Wirth and in the Component Pascal linguistic communication derived from Oberon to denote the non equal symbol, as a stand up-in for the mathematical diff sign , being more intuitive than <> or !=. For example: IF i # 0 THEN ...
  • In Rust, # is used for attributes such every bit in #[test].
  • In OCaml, # is the operator used to telephone call a method.
  • In Mutual Lisp,[49] # is a dispatching read macro grapheme used to extend the S-expression syntax with curt cuts and support for diverse information types (complex numbers, vectors and more).
  • In Scheme, # is the prefix for certain syntax with special meaning.
  • In Standard ML, #, when prefixed to a field name, becomes a projection function (role to access the field of a record or tuple); also, # prefixes a string literal to turn it into a character literal.
  • In Mathematica syntax, #, when used as a variable, becomes a pure function (a placeholder that is mapped to any variable meeting the conditions).
  • In LaTeX, #, when prefixing a number, references an arguments for a user defined command. For instance \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#one}}.
  • In Javadoc,[l] # is used with the @run into tag to innovate or carve up a field, constructor, or method member from its containing class.
  • In Redcode and some other dialects of associates language, # is used to denote firsthand fashion addressing, e.thousand., LDA #10, which means "load accumulator A with the value x" in MOS 6502 associates language.
  • in HTML, CSS, SVG, and other calculating applications # is used to place a color specified in hexadecimal format, east.g., #FFAA00. This usage comes from X11 color specifications, which inherited it from early on assembler dialects that used # to prefix hexadecimal constants, e.grand.: ZX Spectrum Z80 assembly.[51]
  • In Be-Music Script, every control line starts with #. Lines starting with characters other than "#" are treated as comments.
  • The use of the hash symbol in a hashtag is a miracle conceived by Chris Messina, and popularized by social media network Twitter, equally a way to direct conversations and topics amongst users. This has led to an increasingly common tendency to refer to the symbol itself as "hashtag".[52]
  • In programming languages like PL/1 and Assembler used on IBM mainframe systems, also every bit JCL (Job Control Language), the # (along with $ and @) are used equally additional letters in identifiers, labels and data set names.
  • In J, # is the Tally or Count function,[53] and similarly in Lua, # tin be used as a shortcut to get the length of a tabular array, or get the length of a string. Due to the ease of writing "#" over longer function names, this practice has become standard in the Lua community.
  • In Dyalog APL, # is a reference to the root namespace while ## is a reference to the current space's parent namespace.

Other uses [edit]

  • Algebraic notation for chess: A hash after a motion denotes checkmate.
  • American Sign Language transcription: The hash prefixing an all-caps word identifies a lexicalized fingerspelled sign, having some sort of blends or letter drops. All-caps words without the prefix are used for standard English words that are fingerspelled in their entirety.[54]
  • Re-create writing and copy editing: Technical writers in press releases often employ 3 number signs, ### directly above the boilerplate or underneath the body re-create, indicating to media that at that place is no farther copy to come.[55]
  • Footnote symbols (or endnote symbols): Due to ready availability in many fonts and directly on estimator keyboards, "#" and other symbols (such as the caret) have in recent years begun to exist occasionally used in catalogues and reports in identify of more traditional symbols (esp. dagger, double-dagger, pilcrow).
  • Linguistic phonology: # denotes a word boundary. For instance, /d/ → [t] / _# means that /d/ becomes [t] when it is the last segment in a word (i.e. when it appears before a word boundary).
  • Linguistic syntax: A hash earlier an example sentence denotes that the sentence is semantically ill-formed, though grammatically well-formed. For instance, "#The toothbrush is pregnant" is a grammatically correct judgement, but the meaning is odd.[56]
  • Medical prescription drug delimiter: In some countries, such as Norway or Poland, # is used every bit a delimiter between different drugs on medical prescriptions.
  • Medical shorthand: The hash is often used to betoken a bone fracture.[57] For example, "#NOF" is frequently used for "fractured neck of femur". In radiotherapy, a full dose of radiation is divided into smaller doses or 'fractions'. These are given the shorthand # to denote either the number of treatments in a prescription (e.g. 60Gy in thirty#), or the fraction number (#9 of 25).
  • Press releases: The note ### denotes "finish", i.e. that there is no further copy to come up.[58]
  • As a proofreading mark, to point that a infinite should be inserted.[59]
  • Publishing: When submitting a science fiction manuscript for publication, a number sign on a line past itself (indented or centered) indicates a section intermission in the text.[sixty]
  • Scrabble: Putting a number sign after a give-and-take indicates that the word is found in the British word lists, but not the North American lists.[61]
  • Teletext and DVB subtitles (in the UK and Republic of ireland): The hash symbol, resembling music notation'southward precipitous sign, is used to mark text that is either sung past a graphic symbol or heard in background music, e.one thousand. # For he's a jolly good boyfriend #

Unicode [edit]

In Unicode, several # characters are assigned. Other attested names in Unicode are: pound sign, hash, crosshatch, octothorpe.

Character information
Preview #
Unicode proper name NUMBER SIGN FULLWIDTH NUMBER SIGN Minor NUMBER SIGN
Encodings decimal hex december hex dec hex
Unicode 35 U+0023 65283 U+FF03 65119 U+FE5F
UTF-viii 35 23 239 188 131 EF BC 83 239 185 159 EF B9 9F
GB 18030 35 23 163 163 A3 A3 169 124 A9 7C
Numeric character reference &#35; &#x23; &#65283; &#xFF03; &#65119; &#xFE5F;
Named graphic symbol reference &num;
ASCII and extensions 35 23
EBCDIC (037, 500, UTF)[62] [63] [64] 123 7B
EBCDIC (1026)[65] 236 EC
Shift JIS[66] 35 23 129 148 81 94
EUC-JP[67] 35 23 161 244 A1 F4
EUC-KR[68] / UHC[69] 35 23 163 163 A3 A3
Big5[lxx] 35 23 161 173 A1 Ad 161 204 A1 CC
EUC-TW 35 23 161 236 A1 EC 162 173 A2 Advertizement
LaTeX[71] \#
Character information
Preview #️⃣
Unicode proper noun KEYCAP NUMBER SIGN[72]
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 35 65039 8419 U+0023+FE0F+20E3
UTF-8 35 239 184 143 226 131 163 23 EF B8 8F E2 83 A3
GB 18030 35 132 49 130 53 129 54 184 54 23 84 31 82 35 81 36 B8 36
Numeric character reference &#35;&#65039;&#8419; &#x23;&#xFE0F;&#x20E3;
Shift JIS (NTT Docomo)[73] 249 133 F9 85
Shift JIS (SoftBank 3G)[74] 247 176 F7 B0
Shift JIS (au past KDDI)[75] 244 137 F4 89
7-bit JIS (au past KDDI and others)[76] 123 105 7B 69
Emoji shortcode[77] :hash:

At least 3 orthographically distinct number signs from other languages are too assigned:

  • U+0600 ؀ Standard arabic NUMBER SIGN (HTML&#1536;)
  • U+0BFA TAMIL NUMBER SIGN (HTML&#3066;)
  • U+110BD KAITHI NUMBER SIGN (HTML&#69821;)

On keyboards [edit]

On the standard U.s.a. keyboard layout, the # symbol is ⇧ Shift+3. On standard Great britain and some other European keyboards, the same keystrokes produce the pound (sterling) sign, £ symbol, and # may be moved to a split key above the correct shift key. If there is no fundamental, the symbol tin be produced on Windows with Alt+3 5, on Mac Os with ⌥ Opt+3, and on Linux with Compose + +.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ U+2114 50 B BAR SYMBOL (HTML&#8468;)
  2. ^ Although widely repeated, bear witness to support the theory that # and £ shared the same lawmaking indicate in the belatedly 19th century Baudot lawmaking has non been produced, whereas evidence is available of a lawmaking table from 1929 showing both symbols.[ix]

References [edit]

  1. ^ "number sign". Oxford English Dictionary.
  2. ^ "hash". Oxford English Dictionary.
  3. ^ "pound sign". Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  4. ^ Houston, Keith (20 October 2014). Shady Characters: The Cloak-and-dagger Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. West W Norton & Company.
  5. ^ Piercy, Joseph (25 October 2013). Symbols: A Universal Language. Michael OMara. pp. 84–85. ISBN978-1-78243-073-5 . Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  6. ^ a b "Why is the symbol # chosen the hashtag in Twitter?". Merriam-Webster'south Learner's Dictionary.
  7. ^ Keith Gordon Irwin (1967) [1956]. The romance of writing, from Egyptian hieroglyphics to modern letters, numbers, and signs. New York: Viking Press. p. 125. The Italian libbra (from the sometime Latin word libra, 'residuum') represented a weight well-nigh exactly equal to the avoirdupois pound of England. The Italian abbreviation of lb with a line fatigued beyond the messages was used for both weights.
  8. ^ a b Houston, Keith (2013-09-06). "The Aboriginal Roots of Punctuation". The New Yorker . Retrieved 16 Oct 2013.
  9. ^ a b c "The Sign of the Number". Sentence Spacing. 2015-10-06. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  10. ^ Crittendon, S. Westward. (1853). An Elementary Treatise on Book-keeping past Unmarried and Double Entry. Philadelphia: E., C., & J. Biddle. p. ten. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  11. ^ Duff, C. P.; Duff, W. H.; Duff, R. P. (1880). Book-Keeping Past Single and Double Entry. Harper and Brothers. p. 21. Retrieved 24 Nov 2015.
  12. ^ n.a. (1896). Method of Operating and Instructions for Practice on the Blickensderfer Typewriter (PDF). Atlanta, GA: Thou. M. Turner. p. 14. It is all-time to use the 'number mark' for plus; the hyphen for minus, and two hyphens for the sign =
  13. ^ e.g. J. W. Marley, "The Detection and Analogy of Forgery By Comparison of Handwriting", in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Almanac Convention of the Kansas Bankers' Association. Kansas City: Rusell. 1903. p. 180.
  14. ^ e.g. The British Printer vol. viii (1895), p. 395
  15. ^ Thurston, Ernest 50. (1917). Concern Arithmetics for Secondary Schools. New York: Macmillan. p. 419. business symbols pound.
  16. ^ Lawrence, Nancy Thousand.; F. Ethel McAfee; Mildred Thou. Butler (1932). Correlated studies in stenography. Gregg. p. 141.
  17. ^ Research Review. Navorsingsoorsig vols. eighteen–21, pp. 117, 259 (1968)
  18. ^ "Remington Standard typewriter". New York: Wyckoff, Seamans & Bridegroom. 1886. p. 50.
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  20. ^ "Channel Scope". Department 2.2. RFC 2811
  21. ^ "#OriginStory". Carnegie Mellon University. Baronial 29, 2014.
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  23. ^ Mashable, By Christina Warren. "Facebook finally gets #hashtags - CNN.com". CNN . Retrieved July 16, 2006.
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  28. ^ "Hash sign". Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved xiv October 2013.
  29. ^ "Using hashtags on Twitter". Twitter . Retrieved 5 May 2016.
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  31. ^ "Address Formats". Retrieved 14 Jan 2016.
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  33. ^ Ralph Carlsen, "What the ####?" Telecoms Heritage Periodical 28 (1996): 52–53.
  34. ^ a b Douglas A. Kerr (2006-05-07). "The ASCII Character "Octatherp"" (PDF).
  35. ^ John Baugh, Robert Hass, Maxine H. Kingston, et al., "Octothorpe," The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000)
  36. ^ Quinion, Michael (19 May 2010). "Octothorpe". World Wide Words . Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  37. ^ Bringhurst, "Octothorpe". Elements of Typographic Mode
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  66. ^ Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-03-08]. "Shift-JIS to Unicode".
  67. ^ Unicode Consortium; IBM. "EUC-JP-2007". International Components for Unicode.
  68. ^ Unicode Consortium; IBM. "IBM-970". International Components for Unicode.
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  73. ^ IBM; Apple. "Docomo emoji mappings". International Components for Unicode, 59180.0.1.
  74. ^ IBM; Apple. "Softbank emoji main mappings". International Components for Unicode, 59180.0.1.
  75. ^ IBM; Apple. "KDDI emoji mappings". International Components for Unicode, 59180.0.1.
  76. ^ Scherer, Markus; Davis, Mark; Momoi, Kat; Tong, Darick; Kida, Yasuo; Edberg, Peter. "Emoji Symbols: Background Data—Background data for Proposal for Encoding Emoji Symbols" (PDF). UTC L2/ten-132.
  77. ^ JoyPixels. "Emoji Alpha Codes". Emoji Toolkit.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_sign

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